Whitebeam (Sorbus aria) Both the flowers and the fruit are mildly diuretic, laxative and emmenagogue. An infusion is used in the treatment of painful menstruation, constipation and kidney disorders.

Whitlow Grass (Draba verna) The plant is used as a treatment for whitlows. According to Culpepper: A strong infusion of the whole plant, fresh gathered, is an excellent sweetener of the blood and juice, and good against scorbutic complaints in general  Those who wish to use it all the year, should make a syrup of its juice in the Spring, or beat the leaves into a conserve with sugar, for the dried plant loses all its virtues, and is only to be had fresh for a short time in the spring.

Wild Coffee (Senna ligustrina) The leaves have recorded uses as a drink and wash for skin disorders.  It is said to be good for problems of the kidneys like jaundice, for bladder problems like bed wetting, hence the colloquial name piss-a-bed.  It acts as a tonic for the liver, and also has a diuretic action.  The roots are used for treating jaundice, dropsy and liver troubles.  The leaves are employed in Cuba as a purge.

Willow Grass (Polygonum amphibium) An infusion of the leaves and stems has been used to treat stomach pains and children with diarrhea.  The root has been eaten raw, or an infusion of the dried, pounded roots used, in the treatment of chest colds. A poultice of the fresh roots has been applied directly to the mouth to treat blisters.  As a cooling blood purifier this plant is preferred in France to Sarsaparilla. 

Willow, Beak (Salix bebbiana) A poultice of the chewed root inner bark has been applied to a deep cut. The shredded inner bark has been used as sanitary napkins to 'heal a woman's insides'. A poultice of the damp inner bark has been applied to the skin over a broken bone. A decoction of the branches has been taken by women for several months after childbirth to increase the blood flow.  A poultice of the bark and sap has been applied as a wad to bleeding wounds.  The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge.

Willow, Black (Salix nigra)  Black willow is a safe natural source of aspirin-like chemicals which helps to explain its reputation in the treatment of rheumatism and arthritis where there is much associated pain and inflammation.  It may be used as part of a wider treatment for any connective tissue inflammation anywhere in the body, but it is especially useful in rheumatoid arthritis.  It may also be used in fevers such as influenza.  The bark has been used in the treatment of gonorrhea, ovarian pains and nocturnal emissions. The bark of this species is used interchangeably with S. alba. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. The bark can be used as a poultice on cuts, wounds, sprains, bruises, swellings etc. The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic.

Willow, Coyote (Salix exigua) The bark has been used in the treatment of sore throats, coughs and certain fevers. A decoction of the dried roots has been used in the treatment of venereal diseases. The fresh bark of all members of this genus contains salicin, which probably decomposes into salicylic acid (closely related to aspirin) in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge. The leaves of coyote willow are soaked in water, and the liquid is used as an emetic.

Willow, Desert (Chilopsis linearis) In northern Mexico, the flowers are made into a tea and a moist hot poultice.  It is used for hectic coughing with a flushed face and the sensations of chest and lung tiredness with a rapid, thin pulse.  The powdered leaves and bark are an excellent first aid dusted liberally on scratches, rock scrapes, etc.  The tincture works similarly.  Its most important use is due to its anti-fungus and anti-Candida properties.  As a tea or a tincture, it inhibits Candida suprainfections.  It can be uses as a douche for candidiasis as well.  Useful after antibiotic therapy, especially combined with Echinacea and/or Chaparro Amargosa.

Willow, Purple (Salix purpurea)  The bark is a very rich source of salicin, which is used in making aspirin. The bark of this species is used interchangeably with S. alba. It is taken internally in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. The bark is removed during the summer and dried for later use.  The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic, cancerous sores and chronic dysentery. The leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season and are used fresh or dried.  The twigs are used in the treatment of cancer, dysentery and ulcers.  The bark of the stem and roots is anodyne and styptic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism.  Internally it is used as a standardized extract for minor cases of rheumatic complaints, headaches and feverish states.  It is also used as a tea for inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract.  Externally it is used for minor skin inflammations, wounds and ulcers and for leucorrhea

Willow, Seep (Baccharis salicifolia) Leaves were used in a hair wash solution to prevent baldness.  A decoction of leaves and stems was used in as an women’s hygienic agent.  An infusion of leaves was used as an eyewash.  The tea is drunk for hay fever, sinusitis and frontal headaches. The herb is boiled into a disinfecting wash to clean and dress wounds.  It also is mildly anesthetic to cuts and wounds.

Willow, White (Salix alba)  Medicinal Uses: The values of willow lie in the glycosides salicin and populin as well as the tannin.  The uses are many, but most specifically in the reduction of inflammations of joints and membranes.  Useful for headache (caused by dampness and heat in the gastrointestinal tract), recurring fevers, gonorrhea, ovarian pains, dyspepsia, dysentery, chronic diarrhea, neuralgia, rheumatic aches and pains, worms, edema and hay fever.  It has been used internally in the treatment of dyspepsia connected with debility of the digestive organs, rheumatism, arthritis, gout, inflammatory stages of auto-immune diseases, feverish illnesses, neuralgia and headache. Its tonic and astringent properties render it useful in convalescence from acute diseases, in treating worms, chronic dysentery and diarrhea. The fresh bark is very bitter and astringent. The salicin in it probably decomposes into salicylic acid  in the human body. This is used as an anodyne and febrifuge. The glycosides are excreted in the urine as salicylic acid, salicyl alcohol, and related compounds; this renders the tea useful for urethra and bladder irritability, acting as an analgesic to those tissues.  Most of our plants are not particularly potent and a fair amount of the bark or stem is needed.  Up to an ounce a day can be consumed in tea if needed, but take no more than is needed for the problem.  Willow bark is a strong but benign antiseptic, and a good poultice or strong wash is made of the fresh or dried herb.  For infected wounds, ulcerations, or eczema, the plant should be boiled in twice its volume of water in a covered pot for at least half an hour, some borax or boric acid added (tablespoon to a pint of water), and the tea used externally as often as necessary.  It also may be taken as a bitter tonic in small doses before meals, to hasten convalescence from acute disease.  The leaves are used internally in the treatment of minor feverish illnesses and colic. An infusion of the leaves has a calming effect and is helpful in the treatment of nervous insomnia. When added to the bath water, the infusion is of real benefit in relieving widespread rheumatism.

Willowherb (Epilobium parviflorum) Small-flowered willow herb has been used as remedies in folk medicine, particularly in Central Europe, for the treatment of prostate disorders and abnormal growths. This pleasant herb and flower tea was highly recommended by Austrian herbalist, Maria Treben, for ailing men with prostate abnormalities.  Enlarged prostate, prostatitis, kidney or bladder disorders, gastro-intestinal disorders, mouth mucus membrane lesions, rectal bleeding, menstrual disorders, cystitis, Preliminary (in vitro) studies at the Prostate Center of Vancouver found that very low concentrations of an extract from small-flowered willow herb tea, in the micrograms per ml level, was among the most active ever seen against abnormal cells and growths of the prostate. Several extracts from Epilobium parviflorum, were evaluated in biochemical assays with 5-alpha-reductase and aromatase, two enzymes involved in the etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Aqueous extracts displayed inhibition of these enzymes and the active compounds identified were macrocyclic ellagitannins, oenothein A1, B1 and B2, which can make up to 14% of crude plant extracts. Out of a total of 92 plant phenolic extracts tested, small-flowered willow herb was also found to have high antioxidant activity.  Small-flowered willow herb tea is also recommended for treating urinary tract infections in women. Take as a tea for oral, vaginal, and intestinal candidias.  An ingredient of Swedish bitters.

Willowherb, Hairy (Epilobium hirsutum) The leaves have been used as astringents, but there are some reports of violent poisoning with epileptic-like convulsions as a result of its use. This remedy has been discarded by professional herbalists as the use of the leaves has been associated with poisonings and convulsions.

Winter Worm-Summer Grass (Cordyceps sinensis) Cordyceps has been used for about 2000 years in the Far East.  It was virtually unknown to the Western part of the world until the Chinese women’s track team broke records in 1993 and was found to be part of their dietary supplements.  It is prized as a male sexual elixir and often appears in tonic formulas, particularly herbal liquors.  It is comparable in cost to good ginseng, and like many tonic herbs, it can be cooked and consumed together with tonic foods.  Traditional sources suggest stewing a male duck with this herb stuffed into its cavities.    
               Some of the specific actions are: It is very effective in tonifying arrhythmia with an efficacy up to 94%. When the product was applied to 200 different ailments, no toxic side effect was detected;   It helps strengthen the immune system of tumor patients who have received radiotherapy, chemotherapy or an operation. It is remarkable for stabilizing the hemogram, increasing the blood cells and protein for producing blood plasma, and for eliminating the ill effects after various therapies. Furthermore, the product is a synergist for reinforcing the efficacy of radiotherapy.  It provides remarkable benefits for various Climatic Age Illness, Impotence, Emission, Neurasthenia, Rheumatoid arthritis, Cirrhosis, flabby waist and knee.  It is also effective in lowering the lipoproteinemia level, and in preventing Arterio-Sclerosis, Coronary heart disease as well as certain other diseases related to blood vessels of the brain.  It helps stimulate the immune system of the elderly and strengthen their resistance to illness. Frequent dosage can prevent senile disorders.  One of the reasons for aging is due to the insufficient secretion of sexual hormones. Cordyceps sinensis is, in this regard, a hormone stimulator. Morever, the aging effect is to a large extent attributed to the rise of active monoamine oxidize enzyme inside the body and Cordyceps Sinensis can effectively inhibit the rising of such enzyme. Thus, it is an anti-aging medicine which helps regenerate the organic functioning of humans.  After a three-week dose, patients with the aforesaid symptoms would feel promising improvement. In general, this product is a tonic good for bodily nourishment and for stimulating brain activity.  Long-term administration can reinforce the body against foreign attacks, improve the organic functioning, strengthen the immune system and in turn help bring longevity.
            Improved insulin sensitivity due to cordyceps has been demonstrated in both normal rats and humans. These effects are presumably mediated by the polysaccharide fraction of cordyceps, and multiple polysaccharides from cordyceps which reduce blood sugar in diabetic mice have been identified. It should be noted that cordyceps should be used with caution by those with low blood sugar.

Winterberry (Ilex verticillata)  Winterberry is widely used by native peoples of North America for its astringent properties.  Black Alder's medicinal properties include acting as a tonic, reducing fevers (febrifuge) and as an astringent, useful for tightening tissue and reducing secretions. The decoction of the bark is prepared by boiling 2 ounces of bark in 3 pints of water down to 2 pints, this being given internally in diarrhea and malarial disorders, and externally in indolent sores and chronic skin disease. The berries should not be used as a substitute for the bark. In intermittent fever it can be used like Peruvian Bark, and is valuable in jaundice, gangrenous affections, dropsy, and when the body is devitalized by discharges. The bark is well known as an ingredient in several alternative syrups. Barton, mentioning black alder under the names of Virginia winterberry, reported that the bark was astringent, bitter and pungent; that the berries were bitter: that it was long a popular remedy, ordinarily employed as a decoction in intermittent fevers, dropsy, and gangrene, in the last of which it had "great efficacy." It was also given internally, and externally as a wash. The bark when infused is a strong and reliable cathartic without any griping action.  Black alder bark is widely used in blood disorders, indolent sores, and chronic skin ailments.  For this purpose, it is often combined with burdock, yellow dock and sarsaparilla.  A decoction of the bark is used internally in the treatment of diarrhea, malaria etc, and externally in the treatment of indolent sores and chronic skin disease. The bark contains about 4.8% tannin. It is harvested in the autumn before the first frosts. The fruit is cathartic. A suitable preparation of the ground bark may be obtained by simmering in unsalted lard or vegetable oil, or allowing to soak in alcohol for 8-10 days.   

Wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris) The leaves are vulnerary and have been used as a poultice for treating wounds.  A tea made from the leaves is appetizer, antiscorbutic and diuretic.

Wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens)  Wintergreen is strongly anti-inflammatory, antiseptic and soothing to the digestive system.  It is an effective remedy for rheumatic and arthritic problems and, taken as a tea, it relieves flatulence and colic. It reestablishes fundamental flow patterns.  It heals chronic mucus discharge.  It is diuretic and astringent but increases menses and lactation.  The essential oil, in the form of a liniment or ointment, brings relief to inflamed, swollen, or sore muscles, ligaments, and joints, and can also prove valuable in treating neurological conditions such as sciatica and trigeminal neuralgia.  The oil is sometimes used to treat cellulitis, a bacterial infection causing skin to become inflamed.  The Inuit of Labrador and other native peoples eat the berries raw, and use the leaves to treat headaches, aching muscles and sore throat. The methyl salicylate found in wintergreen leaves is closely related to salicylic acid.  Accordingly, the leaf tea is given for the same conditions treated by aspirin, such as colds, flu, fever, muscle pain, arthritis and rheumatism.  It has also been used to treat asthma and skin problems.  In contrast to aspirin, small amounts relieve stomach indigestion instead of causing it.  Native Americans chewed wintergreen leaves to improve their breathing while carrying loads or running and on long treks.  In some regions, Early American settlers had their children chew the roots for 6 weeks every spring to reduce tooth decay.  They also steeped the berries in brandy for a winter tonic.  It is a skin softener that will smooth rough, callused skin.  In liniments, it eases muscular, arthritic and rheumatic pains and is readily absorbed into skin.  It's a popular flavoring for toothpaste and other dental preparations.

Wintergreen, One-Sided (Orthilia secunda) A strong decoction of the root has been used as an eye wash.  It is also used for women’s problems such as: uterus fibromyoma, myoma, barrenness and is a good anti-inflammatory agent.

Wintergreen, Spotted (Chimaphila maculata) The leaves and fruit have been used to increase urine flow, as a tonic, and for treating diarrhea, syphilis, nervous disorders, and ulcers.  The plant has an antiseptic influence on the urinary system and is sometimes used in the treatment of cystitis. An infusion of the plant has been drunk in the treatment of rheumatism and colds. A poultice of the root has been used to treat pain while the plant has also been used as a wash on ulcers, scrofula and cancers. All parts of the plant can be used, though only the leaves are officinal. 

Wire Wis (Lygodium venustum) To treat skin fungus, boil a large double hand handful of leaves in 1 quart of water for 10 minutes; soak affected area in very hot mixture twice daily.  Apply fresh plant juice to sores, rashes, and skin conditions.  A poultice can be made from the leaves and applied to head for headaches.

Witch Hazel  (Hamamelis virginiana)   Witch hazel was highly valued in Native American medicine.  Many tribes rubbed a decoction on cuts, bruises, insect bites, aching joints, sore muscles, and sore backs.  They also drank witch hazel tea to stop internal bleeding, prevent miscarriage, and treat colds, fevers, sore throat and menstrual pain.  The colonists adopted these uses until the 1840s when an Oneida medicine man introduced the plant to Theron T. Pond of Utica, NY.  Pond learned of the plant’s astringent properties and ability to treat burns, boils, wounds and hemorrhoids.  In 1848, he began marketing witch hazel extract as Pond’s Golden Treasure.  Later, the name was changed to Pond’s Extract and witch hazel water has been with us ever since. The Eclectic text, King’s American Dispensatory, listed that the decoction was very useful the fluid extract had little to recommend it.  It as listed in the US Pharmacopoeia from 1862 through 1916 and in the National Formulary from 1916-1955.  It was finally dropped because the 24^th edition of The Dispensatory of the United States stated witch hazel is “so nearly destitute of medicinal virtues, it scarcely deserves official recognition…[Its continued use serves only to fill] the need in American families for an embrocation [liniment] which appeals to the psychic influence of faith.” Contemporary herbalists recommend only the decoction of witch hazel bark.  Though the commercial witch hazel water may not contain tannins, it does contain other chemicals with reported antiseptic, anesthetic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory action.  Witch hazel water is an ingredient in Tucks, Preparation H Cleansing Pads and several German hemorrhoid preparations.  Witch hazel itself contains large quantities of tannins.  These have a drying, astringent effect, causing the tightening up of proteins in the skin and across the surface of abrasions.  This creates a protective covering that increases resistance to inflammation and promotes healing of broken skin.  Witch hazel also appears to help damaged blood vessels beneath the skin.  It is thought that this effect may be due to the flavonoids as well as to the tannins.  When witch hazel is distilled it retains its astringency, suggesting that astringent agents other than tannins are present.  Witch hazel is very useful for inflamed and tender skin conditions, such as eczema.  It is mainly used where the skin has not been significantly broken and helps to protect the affected area and prevent infection.  It is valuable for damaged facial veins, varicose veins and hemorrhoids, and is an effective remedy for bruises.  Due to its astringent properties, it helps to tighten distended veins and restore their normal structure. A lotion can be applied to the skin for underlying problems such as cysts or tumors.  Witch hazel also makes an effective eyewash for inflammation of the eyes.  Less commonly, it is taken internally to alleviate diarrhea, helping to tighten up the mucous membranes of the intestines, and for bleeding of any kind.  Japanese research showed witch hazel to have sufficient antioxidant activity to have potential against wrinkles.

Woad (Isatis tinctoria)   The Chinese and East Indians used woad as both a dye and a medicine.  They considered it a broad-spectrum antibiotic and used it to treat many different infections and also for inflammation.  Both leaves and roots are used when there are swollen glands, such as in cases of mumps, tonsillitis, or laryngitis.  High fevers, diphtheria, and hepatitis are other problems that respond to woad.  The herb is so astringent, that is not usually given internally as a medicine and has only been used as a plaster, applied to the region of the spleen and as an ointment for ulcers, inflammation and to staunch bleeding.
TCM: Indications are for delirium, fainting spells, heat rash, dry and sore throat, abscesses, and swelling due to internal heat excess; erysipelas.  Effective preventive in chronic encephalitis; suppresses or kills a broad range of germs.   

Woad, Chinese (Isatis indigotica) Isatis leaf is useful for febrile diseases and diseases associated with epidemics. Often, both the leaf and the root are used together for a variety of contagious diseases, including mumps. Despite the strength of this herb, it can be used by all, regardless of their constitution, for febrile epidemic diseases. Considering the fact that conventional Western medicine has little to offer for contagious viral diseases, this is one of a few herbs that deserve wider appreciation for their antiviral properties. It is especially effective when there is infection in the lungs and for skin conditions involving rashes or blotches. 
            Isatis Root is one of the most effective anti-virals. It is therefore useful for a wide range of infectious viral and bacterial conditions, including the common cold, influenza, sore throat, and epidemic diseases, such as mumps. It cools the blood and is effective for damp-heat conditions, such as jaundice. It removes toxins, antibacterial, enhances the action of the white blood cells, supports circulation and blood flow.
            It contains an anti-leukemic compound, indirubin, which is effective for granulocytic leukemias when taken in sufficient dosage. This herb is rarely used in treatment of other cancers, though it has been used experimentally as an ingredient in formulas for various cancers. In a review of antineoplastic Chinese herb compounds, rabdosia and isatis received only brief mention for esophageal cancer and leukemia, respectively. Another, more recent, review of this subject, included mention of isatis and indirubin for leukemia, but did not mention rabdosia. According to An Illustrated Guide to Antineoplastic Chinese Herbal Medicine, the isatis extract called qingdai is administered in doses of 6-10 grams per day; the isolated indirubin is given in doses of 150-200 mg/day. When used in the amounts found helpful for leukemia treatment, qingdai and indirubin can cause intestinal irritation in some users.
       Isatis exhibits broad-range anti-bacterial effects against Shigella, Salmonella and hemolytic Streptococcus. Isatis has been shown to increase spleen weight and the numbers of peripheral white blood cells in lab animals. Traditional Chinese medicinal indications include dissipating heat, alleviating fire toxicity and cooling the blood. It is an ingredient in the prostate protocol called PC-Spes along with Glycyrrhizza glabra, Panax pseudoginseng, Ganoderma lucidum, Scutellaria baicalensis, Dendrantherma morifolium, Rhabdosa rebescens, and Serenoa repens). Its actions are believed to be immune stimulating, antitumor, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and hormone modulating. Because of side effects, such as gynecomastia (breast enlargement), thrombosis (blood clots), and impotence, PC-Spes should only be used with a physician's supervision.

Wolfberry, Chinese (Lycium chinense) Both the berries and the root are used and traditionally the plant is believed to promote long life.  The fruit is one of the most popular tonics used in Chinese herbal medicine.  The fruit protects the liver from damage caused by exposure to toxins. It is also used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, vertigo, nocturnal emissions and aching back and legs.  The fruit of many members of this genus is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially in vitamins A, C and E, flavanoids and other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. The seed is used as a hemostat for the control of bleeding, with a special action on the kidneys and sex organs. In China, lycium berries are taken as a blood tonic.  They improve the circulation and absorption of nutrients by the cells and help with many symptom including dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, and wasting conditions.  A decoction of the berries is a liver and kidney tonic. In TCM, the liver is associated with the eyes, and lycium berries are considered excellent for failing eyesight.  The root bark stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as digestive secretions. The root is used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia in small children, chronic febrile disease, night sweats, cough and asthma, tuberculosis, hypertension and diabetes mellitus.  Because of recent research, lycium root is beginning to be used in China to treat people suffering from high blood pressure.  The root bark contains betaine. This can increase the rate of growth of farm animals and increase the weight and amount of eggs, it is used in the treatment of achlorhydria, atherosclerosis and hepatic diseases.

Wolfberry, Desert (Lycium pallidum) Use Wolfberry when there is excessive eye and nose discharge in allergic situations.  In addition, when lower respiratory tract tissues are congested and there are accompanying feelings of bronchial tightness Wolfberry can prove opening to this area.  Wolfberry’s moderately anti-cholinergic activity shifts constrictive emphasis away from these affected respiratory tissues.  This effect is most useful when this area is deemed over active, from an array of causes, but mostly because of an allergic-immune mediated response of some sort; Wolfberry shrinks tissues and allays hyper-secretion.
            Wolfberry’s effect is also noticeable in gut and intestinal centered distresses.  Nausea, intestinal spasms and general over-excitability of these areas respond well to Wolfberry.  The plant acts well to quell chills, sweating and nausea (much like the drunken juice of 1 or 2 raw potatoes) from over-exposure to chemical herbicides, fertilizers and other conventional agricultural productions. Wolfberry is a mild drug plant, meaning it suppresses symptoms and does not have much underlying value beyond temporally diminishing distresses, albeit in a limited way.  In chronic issues, Wolfberry works well in formula with other more supportive herbs.  It thereby can diminish surfaces distresses while deeper issues, possibly exaggerated immune responses or stress patterns can be addressed.
             Topically the freshly poulticed plant or liniment can be applied to acute stings, swellings, contusions and other injuries where the skin is not broken.  In this respect, Wolfberry acts like other Nightshade family plants applied externally.  It moderately reduces pain and inflammation similarly to, although weaker than Datura or Tobacco.  The Navajo use the ground root for toothache.
             The ground up root has been placed in a tooth cavity to bring relief from toothache. The bark and the dried berries have been used as a 'life medicine'. The fruit of many members of this genus is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially in vitamins A, C and E, flavonoids and other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers. A feeble, useful and safe anticholinergic for hay fever, colds and diarrhea  

Wolfsbane (Aconitum vulparia) This is a very poisonous plant and should only be used with extreme caution and under the supervision of a qualified practitioner.

Wood Apple (Feronia limonia)   The fruit is much used in India as a liver and cardiac tonic, and, when unripe, as an astringent means of halting diarrhea and dysentery and effective treatment for hiccough, sore throat and diseases of the gums. The pulp is poulticed onto bites and stings of venomous insects, as is the powdered rind.   Juice of young leaves is mixed with milk and sugar candy and given as a remedy for biliousness and intestinal troubles of children. The powdered gum, mixed with honey, is given to overcome dysentery and diarrhea in children.  Oil derived from the crushed leaves is applied on itch and the leaf decoction is given to children as an aid to digestion. Leaves, bark, roots and fruit pulp are all used against snakebite. The spines are crushed with those of other trees and an infusion taken as a remedy for menorrhagia. The bark is chewed with that of Barringtonia and applied on venomous wounds.

Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia (T scordonia))  Wood sage may be used for all infections of the upper respiratory tract, especially for colds and influenza.  It may be used as a diaphoretic in all fevers.  It can prove beneficial in some cases of rheumatism.  There is a marked stimulation of gastric juices, thereby aiding digestion and relieving flatulent indigestion.  It’s equal to gentian root as a bitter tonic.  Externally wood sage will speed the healing of wounds, boils and abscesses.

Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella)  The herbalist Nicholas Culpeper, writing in England in the 1500’s, reported wood sorrel’s medicinal virtues.  He recommended the plant “to quench thirst, to strengthen a weak stomach, to stay vomiting,” and he noted that it was “excellent in any contagious sickness or pestilential fever.”  By the 1800’s this species of sorrel had been introduced into North America.  One herbalist noted that a decoction, or extract, of wood sorrel was being used to treat inflammatory disorders, fevers, and diseases of the kidneys and bladder.  A decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of fevers, both to quench the thirst and allay the fever. Externally, the leaves are crushed and applied locally to dispel boils and abscesses, they also have an astringent affect on wounds.  The juice of the leaves turns red when clarified and makes a fine, clear syrup, which was considered as effectual as the infusion. The juice used as a gargle is a remedy for ulcers in the mouth, and is good to heal wounds and to stanch bleeding. Sponges and linen cloths saturated with the juice and applied, were held to be effective in the reduction of swellings and inflammation. A conserve, Conserva Ligulae, used to be made by beating the fresh leaves up with three times their weight of sugar and orange peel, and this was the basis of the cooling and acid drink that was a remedy in malignant fevers and scurvy.

Wood Sorrel, Violet (Oxalis violacea) In New Mexico, a teaspoonful of fresh or dried powdered leaves is boiled in a cup of water and taken in the morning to help expel intestinal worms.  The raw greens have been eaten in the early spring as a blood tonic, after a winter without greens.  The plant has been used to create a feeling of coolness in a person with fever, and to increase urine flow.  A cold infusion is used to stop a person vomiting. An infusion can be used as a blood purifier, it is said to be a treatment in the early stages of cancer. An infusion of the plant is drunk and also used as a wash in treating children with hookworm. An infusion of the leaves, mixed with oil, can be used as a salve on sores.

Wood Sorrel, Yellow (Oxalis stricta) An infusion of the plant has been used in the treatment of fevers, stomach cramps and nausea. A poultice of the plant has been used to treat swellings.

Woollygrass (Imperata cylindrical)  Chinese medicinal herb sued for all cases of “heat excess.”  Strong hemostatic action; immediately stops bleeding wounds and suppresses bruises.  The flowers are used in the treatment of hemorrhages, wounds etc. They are decocted and used to treat urinary tract infections, fevers, thirst etc.  The root is used in the treatment of nose bleeds, hematuria, hematemesis, edema and jaundice. The root has antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus dysenteriae etc. Extracts of the plant have shown viricidal and anticancer activity. 

Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)  Wormwood leaves’ primary use is to stimulate the gallbladder, help prevent, and release stones, and to adjust resulting digestive problems.  Clinical studies with volunteers proved that wormwood does effectively increase bile.  It expels roundworms and threadworms, probably due to is sesquiterpene lactones.  It is also a muscle relaxer that is occasionally added to liniments, especially for rheumatism.  Members of the Bedouin African tribe place the antiseptic leaves inside their nostrils as a decongestant and drink it for coughs.  Wormwood is an extremely useful medicine for those with weak and underactive digestions.  It increases stomach acid and bile production and therefore improves digestion and the absorption of nutrients, making it helpful for many conditions including anemia.  It also eases gas and bloating, and if the tincture is taken regularly, it slowly strengthens the digestion and helps the body return to full vitality after a prolonged illness.   

Wormwood, African (Artemisia afra) Artemisia afra is used in many different ways and one of the most common practices is to insert fresh leaves into the nostrils to clear blocked nasal passages. Another maybe not so common use is to place leaves in socks for sweaty feet. The roots, stems and leaves are used in many different ways and taken as enemas, poultices, infusions, body washes, lotions, smoked, snuffed or drunk as a tea. A. afra has a very bitter taste and is usually sweetened with sugar or honey when drunk. Wilde-als brandy is a very popular medicine still made and sold today. Margaret Roberts lists many other interesting uses which includes the use in natural insecticidal sprays and as a moth repellent.
          Used mainly as an aqueous decoction or infusion applied externally or taken orally, the extremely bitter taste being masked by the addition of sugar or honey. Fresh leaf may be added to boiling water and the vapors inhaled.  For the treatment of cough, croup, whooping cough, influenza, fever, diabetes, gastro-intestinal disorders and intestinal worms.  As an inhalation for the relief of headache and nasal congestion or a lotion to treat hemorrhoids. In traditional practice, fresh leaf is inserted into the nostrils to relieve nasal congestion or placed in boiling water as a steam bath for menstrual pain or after childbirth. Warmed leaves may be applied externally as a poultice to relieve inflammation and aqueous infusions administered per rectum or applied as a lotion to treat hemorrhoids.  African Artemisia afra foliage was smoked by many Indian tribes to induce visionary states during religious ceremonies. It is a strong narcotic, analgesic and antihistamine. It is an excellent smoke or smoke-mix, reputed for its hallucinogenic effects and psychoactive properties. In Central America and the Caribbean Islands, it is dried and smoked along with Cannabis sativa as an aphrodisiac.  Volatile oils from the plant resulted in significant activity against Aspergillus ochraceus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, Candida albicans, Alternaria alternata, Geotrichum candidum, and Penicillium citrium

Wormwood, Black (Artemisia genipi)  Action is similar to that of wormwood only slightly less bitter and a little less efficacious.  It stimulates gastric secretion.  In medicine it may be replace by wormwood, which is better for sluggish digestion and stomach disturbances.  Not often used because of scarcity.

Wormwood, Chinese (Artemisia apiacea) Chinese medicinal herb useful against fevers and malaria. It inhibits the maturation of malaria parasites in the body. Known for its cooling effect and its ability to clear toxins from the system. Powerful antibiotic, and stops bleeding especially nose bleeds. The plant can be used interchangeably with Artemisia annua

Wormwood, Fringed (Artemisia frigida) First introduced as a substitute for quinine.  Used to combat indigestion by chewing leaves.  The leaves are used in the treatment of women's complaints. The plant contains camphor, which is stimulant and antispasmodic. An infusion of the leaves is used in the treatment of biliousness, indigestion, coughs and colds while the leaves are chewed and the juice swallowed to treat heartburn. A poultice of the chewed leaves is used as a poultice to reduce swellings and the leaves are also placed in the nose to stop nosebleeds. A hot poultice of the leaves has been used to treat toothache. The leaves can be used as a sanitary towel to help reduce skin irritation. They are also drunk as a tea when the woman is menstruating or to treat irregular menstruation. The dried leaves are burnt in a room as a disinfectant. A decoction of the root is used as a stimulant and tonic.

Wormwood, Mountain (Artemisia tilesii) The plant is used in the treatment of cancer and to prevent infections in wounds etc. An infusion of the leaves and flowering tops is used as a laxative and to treat stomach aches. An infusion is used internally to treat rheumatism and is also applied externally to swollen joints. A poultice of the leaves is applied to skin infections and to cuts to stop the bleeding. A decoction is used as an eyewash.  The Tanainas soak A. tilesii leaves in water and rub them on the bodies of pregnant women or put them on the stomach as a poultice. They also make medicine switches to help arthritis and other aches. Boiled or soaked in hot water, it is made into a tea used as a wash for skin rash, cuts, blood poisoning, sore eyes, or any kind of infection. Use boiled or soaked leaves wrapped in cloth as a hot pack for toothache, earache, and snow-blindness. For athlete's foot, the Outer Cook Inlet people wear fresh leaves inside their socks. Artemisia tilesii is one of the medicinal herbs used by Della Keats (a respected healer) in Kotzebue, and by the people of the northwestern region of Alaska. It is highly regarded as a tonic tea if you don't drink too much at a time. Dried leaves are powdered to use externally in a salve for burns or infections. The plant was used by western Eskimos as an antitumor agent in Unalakleet and as a fever and infection inhibitor in Aniak.

Wormwood, Roman (Artemisia pontica) A medicinal plant against colds and as a bitter stomachic.  A decoction of the leaves and flowers is used for colds, as a tonic and as an anthelmintic; the leafy top is a bitter stomachic and induces perspiration. It is milder in its properties than common wormwood.

Wormwood, Sea (Artemisia maritima) These flower heads are especially effective against Ascaris lumbricoides, which are nematode worms similar to earthworms, white in color, that frequently infest the intestine of children.  These flowers have also proven effective against other intestinal parasites. Its medicinal virtues are similar to wormwood, A. absinthum, though milder in their action. It is used mainly as a tonic to the digestive system, in treating intermittent fevers and as a vermifuge

X HERBS

Xi Xin (Asarum sieboldii syn Asarum heterotropoides)  A decoction is used in the treatment of colds, severe toothache, rheumatic pain and chronic bronchitis with copious and thin phlegm. It is particularly effective as an analgesic remedy for all types of aches and pains in the head.  It is used for congestion in the Eustachian tubes and upper sinus cavities.

Xiang Ru (Elsholtzia splendens) A decoction of this herb is a traditional Chinese remedy for halitosis.  For this purpose, it should be taken internally and used as a gargle and mouthwash. Its use is said to relieve the effects of excess alcohol. It is used in the treatment of common colds, edema and oliguria. The plant has a broad-spectrum antibacterial action.

Xu Duan (Dipsacus asper) The plant is used in the treatment of rheumatism. It also has a long history of folk use in the treatment of breast cancer.  The root is used to strengthen the bones and tendons and liver, stimulate blood circulation, treat weakness of the limbs, for arthritis and rheumatic complaints, and to prevent miscarriage.  Roots also used to treat lumbago, trauma as a result of a fall, rheumatic pain, excessive menstrual bleeding

Xuan Fu Hua (Inula japnoica (syn I. Britannica var. chinensis) )  Used in traditional Chinese medicine as a mildly warming expectorant remedy, it is especially suitable when phlegm has accumulated in the chest.  The herb is often prescribed for bronchitis, wheezing, chronic coughing, and other chest complaints brought on by “cold conditions” (profuse phlegm, nausea and vomiting, hiccups and flatulence.  Xuan fu hua also has a bitter action, and it helps to strengthen digestive function.  The flowers are normally used in medicinal preparations, but the aerial parts are also taken, generally for les serious conditions.  The flowers have an antibacterial action, but this can be destroyed by proteins in the body.   The plant has been mentioned as a possible treatment for cancer of the esophagus.

Y HERBS 

Yacon  (Polymnia sonchifolia) The tubers are soothing as well as nourishing to the spleen, stomach, lungs and pancreas, and valued as a strengthening tonic for the whole body, giving energy and vitality. Being low in calories, this is a practical vegetable for dieters and diabetics, and the inulin has proved beneficial in stabilizing blood sugar levels. The tuber can be eaten regularly as a food, or juiced for a refreshing drink. Some diabetics juice the tuber and freeze the juice in small containers, to have it available all through the year. Fructose enhances the digestion of foods, particularly the metabolism of carbohydrates, and has a thermogenetic effect, helping the body to burn off calories that have been stored as fat. Leaves are used fresh or dried as a tea with hypoglycemic properties and are commercially sold as such in Brazil.  Yacon reduces the risk of arteriosclerosis associated with resistance to insulin and dislipemia, and has been shown to be effective in feeding hypercaloric disorders, based fundamentally on carbon hydrates. The experimental data show that the oligofructose inhibits the hepatic lipogenesis and consequently they have a hypotrigliceridemic effect.  Yacon reduces the risk of osteoporosis because it improves the breakdown and absorption of calcium in the body, as well as increasing bone density and bone mass. The dried leaves are used to prepare a medicinal tea. Dried yacon leaves are used in Japan, mixed with common tea leaves. Hypoglycemic activity has been demonstrated in the water extract of dried yacon leaves, feeding rats with induced diabetes in Japan.  Eating oligofructose improves health of intestine because of the bifidus bacteria (beneficial) in the colon are stimulated.

Yam, Chinese (Dioscorea oppositifolia) The Chinese yam, called Shan Yao in Chinese herbalism, is a sweet soothing herb that stimulates the stomach and spleen and has a tonic effect on the lungs and kidneys. The tuber contains allantoin, a cell-proliferant that speeds the healing process. The root is an ingredient of "The herb of eight ingredients", traditionally prescribed in Chinese herbalism to treat hyperthyroidism, nephritis and diabetes.
            A gentle tonic, shan yao is prescribed for tiredness, weight loss, and lack of appetite.  The root strengthens a weak digestion, improves appetite, and may help bind watery stools.  It counters excessive sweating, frequent urination, and chronic thirst, and it is also given for chronic coughs and wheezing.  The traditional use of shan yao, indicates a hormonal effect.  It is also taken to treat vaginal discharge and spermatorrhea. The Chinese use the yam to brighten the eyes and as an elixir and an important tonic for the spleen and stomach.  The drug also lowers blood sugar and is used in diabetes.
            This is one of several herbs under intensive medical research in China as a tonic restorative for immune deficiency.  The herb helps restore impaired immune functions, stimulates secretions of vital immune factors, and enhances overall immune response throughout the system. 
            The roots of most, if not all, members of this genus, contains diosgenin. This is widely used in modern medicine in order to manufacture progesterone and other steroid drugs. These are used as contraceptives and in the treatment of various disorders of the genital organs as well as in a host of other diseases such as asthma and arthritis.

Yam, Glutinous (Dioscorea japonica) Tubers used to treat indigestion, diarrhea, dysentery. The tubers are employed as a nutrient tonic and digestant in chronic enteritis and diarrhea; also prescribed in nocturnal enuresis, spermatorrhea, neurasthenia.  The roots of most, if not all, members of this genus, contains diosgenin. This is widely used in modern medicine in order to manufacture progesterone and other steroid drugs. These are used as contraceptives and in the treatment of various disorders of the genitary organs as well as in a host of other diseases such as asthma and arthritis.

Yam, Intoxicating (Dioscorea hispida) Pounded tubers are used for sores on the feet, skin diseases and boils. Rhizome serves as sedative, maturative and insecticide.

Yam, Wild (Dioscorea villosa)  The plant is also known as colic root and rheumatism root in North America, indicating its use by European settlers for these conditions.     Diosgenin, a breakdown product of dioscin, was first identified by Japanese scientists in 1936.  This discovery paved the way for the synthesis of progesterone and of corticosteroid hormones such as cortisone.  For this reason it is sometimes expensive, because pharmaceutical firms buy up large crops on the global market. This use of the root, coupled with its traditional use as an antispasmodic and antirheumatic gave rise to the saying that wild yam is a natural steroid.  Indeed, it contains compounds that are similar in chemical structure to steroids, but these compounds must be digested, absorbed and processed by one’s body before becoming steroids or hormones.  Eating foods such as wild yam thus provides the building blocks for many complex glandular manufacturing processes.  The herb’s combination of anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic actions makes it extremely useful in treatments for arthritis and rheumatism. It reduces inflammation and pain, and relaxes stiff muscles in the affected area.  It stimulated the removal of accumulated wastes in the system.  Wild yam helps to relieve cramps, muscle tension, and colic.  It can be an effective treatment for digestive problems, including gallbladder inflammation, irritable bowel syndrome, and diverticulitis.  In large doses it is regarded as a diuretic and acts as an expectorant.
                 In North and Central America, wild yam is a traditional relaxing remedy for painful menstruation, ovarian pain, and labor.   It is classically given for uterine pain, such as severe menstrual pain, or shooting pain beyond cramps.  It’s also used for ovarian spasm and inflammation such as occurs with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).  To relieve the nauseous symptoms of pregnancy, Dioscorein is the very best and is prompt in action given in small, frequent doses.  It is useful as part of a natural approach to any endocrine imbalance.  For extremely heavy periods wild yam root tincture, 20-30 drops taken daily for the two weeks preceding the expected onset of menses, can supply enough progesterone precursors to remedy flooding.  Ointment made from wild yam roots may be the able to restore youthful moistness and elasticity to post-menopausal vaginal tissues.  However, this is where a lot of misinformation and controversy occurs.
            Today most USP progesterone is, in fact, extracted from soy.  Neither USP nor human progesterone is present in either of the major plant sources (soybean or wild yam). Yams contain the sterol diosgenin, whereas soybeans contain the sterol stigmasterol—both of which have progesterone-like effects.  The substances sold as USP progesterone is produced in the lab by hydrolyzing extracts of soy or yam and converting saponins into sapogenins, two of which, sarsasapogenin (soy) and diosgenin (yam) provide the majority of derivation of natural progesterone produced for medical purposes.  While diosgenin may have some progestogenic or even phytoestrogenic action, the effect varies from one person to another.  Some doctors say that the human body cannot convert wild yam or diosgenin to hormones and that conversion to progesterone must take place in a laboratory. It is possible, however, that some women’s bodies are better able to utilize plant-derived compounds than others.  It is also important to remember that while the mechanism of phytogenic activity may not be clearly understood at this time, botanical supplementation continues to gain support among everywhere because it works for them.  There has been a great deal of confusion pertaining to the progesterone content of various manufacturers’ transdermal creams.  The bioavailability of the progesterone in such products is of paramount importance. The quality of a formulation and its delivery system determines the absorption and effectiveness.  It’s essential that you know your product and your supplier and above all observe your body’s response to the product of your choice.  Wild yam, given in combination with black cohosh, is not only common in menopause formulas but is also an effective pain-relieving remedy for rheumatoid arthritis, especially in the inflamed stages of flare-up.     Solvent in water. As a primary liver tonic herb, wild yam activates and stimulates liver activity.  High concentrations of steroidal saponins provide the building blocks required by the liver to synthesize sex hormones. Whenever both the liver and reproductive system are implicated as the cause of hormone imbalance, wild yam is the herb of choice to use in the formula.             

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium): Due to the flavonoids they contain, yarrow flowers encourage circulation, lower blood pressure and help stop bleeding anywhere in the body. A couple of cups of hot yarrow, peppermint and elder flower tea is an old remedy for reducing fevers and treating colds, measles, and eruptive diseases.  It also helps relieve urinary tract infections and stones. The tea benefits the kidneys.  Cramps and rheumatism are treated with the tea, as are intestinal gas, diarrhea, anorexia and hyperacidity.  In China, yarrow is used in poultices and to ease stomach ulcers.  It is said to stop excessive blood flower especially well in the pelvic region, so is used to decrease excessive menstruation, postpartum bleeding, and hemorrhoids.  Chewing the fresh leaves relieves toothache. Yarrow contains a chemical also present in chamomile and chamazulene, that helps relax the smooth muscle tissue of the digestive tract, making it an antispasmodic.

Yarrow, Golden (Eriophyllum confertiflorum) Delfina Cuero, a Kumeyaay or Southern Diegueno Indian, made the following comments about Eriophyllum confertiflorum in her autobiography:  " This is used for someone with pimples on their face.  They were told to boil the whole plant and wash face in water to clear away the pimples".  The woolly fuzz that densely coves the leaves and stems was collected by Native Americans and used as a cure for rheumatism. 

Yarrow, Musk (Achillea moschata) The plant is known in Switzerland as forest lady's herb and has been used there for centuries as a stomach tonic.  An infusion is used in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders, as a tonic to the digestive system, exhaustion, nervous headaches etc.    The oil stimulates gastric secretion and improves appetite; it is feebly diuretic and has a mild antitussive action.  The principle uses are lack of appetite, sluggish digestion; flatulence, diarrhea.

Yarrow, Sweet (Achillea ageratum) A chloroform extract from Achillea which includes stigmasterol and sitosterol was prepared. By comparing it with the pure compounds an anti-inflammatory effect (with mouse ears) is assumed. The topical anti-inflammatory effect of the chloroform extract from Achillea ageratum (Asteraceae) and of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, isolated of this extract has been evaluated, against to 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA)-induced mouse ear edema, using simple (acute model) and multiple applications (chronic model) of the phlogistic agent. Myeloperoxydase activity also was studied in the inflamed ears. In the acute model the extract exerted a dose-dependent effect. All the doses assayed (1, 3 and 5 mg/ear) significantly reduced the edema (50%, 66% and 82%, respectively). The isolated sterols stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol (with doses of 0.5 mg/ear) had similar effect as the extract with doses of 1 and 3 mg (59% and 65% respectively). In the chronic model the anti-inflammatory effect generally was a more moderate one. The highest dose of the extract decreased the edema reduction to 26% with the highest dose of the extract applied. With the compounds the effect decreased to 36% with stigmasterol, and 40.6% with beta-sitosterol. Myeloperoxydase activity (MPO) was reduced by the extract and the compounds in the acute model, however, in the chronic edema, the enzyme inhibition was very weak with all treatments even with the standard substance. These results indicate that the chloroform extract of Achillea ageratum and some of the its components stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol are more effective as topical anti-inflammatory agents in acute than in the chronic process and their action is markedly influenced by the inhibition of neutrophil migration into inflamed tissue.

Yarrow, Yellow (Achillea coarctata) Yarrow plants have astringent properties and act as a mild laxative.

Yaupon (Ilex vomitoria) A decoction of the leaves is emetic. 

Yellow Jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens) A potent medicinal herb, yellow jasmine is prescribed in small doses as a sedative and antispasmodic, most commonly to treat neuralgia.  Yellow jasmine is often given for nerve pain affecting the face.  The herb is also applied externally to treat intercostals neuralgia and sciatica.  Yellow jasmine’s antispasmodic property is employed in treating whooping cough and asthma.  The herb is occasionally taken to treat migraine, insomnia, and bowel problems, and also to reduce blood pressure.  A tea made of the flowers was once thought to be good for coughs, shortness of breath, pleurisy, and stomach pains, as well as to help in childbirth.  Gelsemium also reduces the overstimulation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and calms the overtonicized vascular system.  The therapeutic action of yellow jasmine can be classified as cardiosedative.  It as a calming effect on the heart in patients with extrasystoles and functional heart disorders  The tincture is the most practical dosage form.

Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor) The plant is ophthalmic.  Rhianthus has been reported to be an effective substitute for eyebright.  Used as an internal tea for colds and an external wash for the eyes.

Yellow Starwort (Inula britannica) Xuan Fu Hua is used in Chinese herbalism as a mildly warming expectorant remedy and it is especially suitable where phlegm has accumulated in the chest. The flowers are more commonly used, but the leaves are also used, generally for less serious conditions. The flowers are used internally in the treatment of bronchial complaints with profuse phlegm, nausea and vomiting, hiccups and flatulence. The flowers have an antibacterial action, but this can be destroyed by proteins in the body. The plant is harvested when in flower and can be dried for later use. The plant has been mentioned as a possible treatment for cancer of the esophagus.

Yellowroot (Xanthorhiza simplicissima (syn Xanthorhiza apiifolia, Zanthorrhiza apifolia))   Yellowroot survives to this day as a folk remedy in parts of the US South, where the root is chewed to freshen the mouth and sharpen the tastebuds.  Tea brewed from the roots serves as a mouthwash and as a medicine for throat and stomach disorders.  The root is astringent and a blood tonic. An infusion of the root is also used to treat mouth ulcers, stomach ulcers, colds, jaundice etc. An infusion of the roots has also been used to treat piles, though the report does not specify if it is used internally or externally.  The root contains the alkaloid 'berberine' which is used for its tonic properties and for digestive disorders. It stimulates the secretion of bile and bilirubin and may be helpful in correcting high tyramine levels in people with liver cirrhosis.

Yen Hu Suo (Corydalis ambigua) In Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yan Hu Suo has been used for thousands of years for its powerful analgesic properties. Research into the mechanism of action of Corydalis, in particular DHC(dehydrocorydaline) extracted from the root, suggests that Corydalis not only inhibits anti-body mediated allergic reactions, but also influences cell-mediated allergic reactions, through an inhibitory effect on antigen-induced histamine release from peritoneal mast cells. The root has a history of over a thousand years use in mitigating pain. This species was ranked 10th in a test of 250 potential antifertility drugs.

Yerba Buena, (Satureja douglasii) Esteemed by California Indians as a carminative for colic, a blood purifier, a febrifuge, a reliever of arthritic symptoms, and a general tonic and panacea.  The leaf tea was a remedy for upset stomach.  The Costanoan Indians made a strong decoction of the herb for pinworms or held the leaves in their mouths to treat toothache.  The warm leaves were also poulticed on the outside of the jaw to treat toothache. Chumash women drank the water in which the leafy vines of Yerba Buena were boiled to promote menstrual discharge.  Dosage is 10-30 drops of the tincture or as a tea.  A complementary herb to add to catnip or to chamomile.  Use as a skin wash for rashes and prickly heat.  For arthritis make a tea of equal parts parsley, yerba buena and yerba santa. 

Yerba de Alonso Garcia (Dalea formosa) Pueblo Indians and the Apaches used it as a treatment for growing pains and aching bones.  The Hopis use it for influenza and virus infections, considering it a “cold” herb for hot conditions.  New Mexican Spanish will make a strong bath with the branches and bathe in it for a couple of hours to relieve arthritic pains.

Yerba del Buey (Grindelia nuda var. aphanactis) Pharmaceutical uses include waxes and resins, and a source of acids and alkaloids used for kidney problems, skin abrasions, and sores. Sticky blossoms can be placed on an aching tooth. As a balsamic bitter tea, the flowering tops are widely used for sore throat and incipient chest colds; and combined with yerba santa and honey as an expectorant.  The sticky flowers, boiled are used to treat bladder and urethral infections. It is effective but intensely bitter. The flowers, boiled in lard are a stimulating salve for burns and slowly healing ulcers.  It is also used internally and externally to treat bites caused by red ants.  The sticky juice can hold cuts together until they heal.

Yerba del Cancer (Acalypha lindheimeri) The leaves and flowers are brewed as a mild tea for regular use to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers. It also seems effective for colitis. 

Yerba Mansa (Anemopsis californica), Yerba Mansa is considered by herbalists  to have many properties similar to Goldenseal though it is not related botanically or chemically  It is used for slowly healing boggy conditions of the mouth, intestinal and urinary tracts and lungs.  It is astringent to the connective tissues that form the membrane structure, but it stimulates better fluid transport, helping to remove the exudates that prevent repair of the irritation that began the whole mess.  Mouth, gum and throat sores are helped by the herb, as are ulcers of the stomach and duodenum.  Use ¼  teaspoon of either tincture in water, a standard infusion, 2-3 oz or 2 #00 capsules, 2-3 times a day.  It is also used for bleeding gums and herpes simplex.  As a diuretic, yerba mansa stimulates the excretion of nitrogenous acids, especially uric acid, which can aid many types of joint problems.  It is also substantially aspirin-like in its anti-inflammatory effects.  Drink as a tea for arthritis…1/2 cup up to 5 times a day.  It is antibacterial and antifungal, so it affords a fine external first aid or dressing for abrasions or contusions.  A sitz bath for bartholin gland cysts and perianal fissures or  boils usually  brings quick healing.   Use 1 teaspoon of the tincture per quart of water, or a 1:64 decoction of the powdered root.  The powdered root is an impeccable dust when mixed with four parts of a soothing starch for diaper rash and chafing.  The leaves, although much feebler and chemically simpler, make a fine bath for general pain of the muscles and joints.  A water percolation (1:10) with 20% glycerine and 10% alcohol added when finished, is an excellent nasal spray for hay fever, lingering head cold, or the results of cocaine or snuff abuse.  Used by itself (powdered root) or combined with Cypress and Chaparral, it's an excellent for athlete's foot.

Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguarensis), A basic, hot, caffeine beverage tea, helpful as a remedy for hangovers and sick headaches, and as a morning wake-up drink. It is used in popular medicine and employed in commercial herbal preparations as a stimulant to the central nervous system, a diuretic, and an anti rheumatic.    It can be drunk green, or lightly roasted in a frying pan for a more robust flavor.  It is preferable to coffee for those with gastritis or colitis and easier on the kidneys than Chinese tea.  Take up to 3 times a day.  Not for use by those avoiding caffeine sources in managing fibrocystic breast disease or for other reasons.
           Yerba Maté is the subject of a German Monograph which lists its uses for mental and physical fatigue, and having "analeptic, diuretic, positively inotropic, positively chronotropic, glycogenolytic and lipolytic effects." Yerba maté has been used medicinally as a diuretic, tonic, and a central nervous system stimulant. Another traditional use has been as a depurative (to promote cleansing and excretion of waste).  Herbalist, Daniel Mowrey, states that yerba mate is a "whole body tonic," even in large amounts" and "promotes balances in many body systems without overstimulating any system." Yerba mate's tonic effect on the body helps to regulate sleep cycles and reduce fatigue.  Mate is used to reduce appetite, invigorate the body, and affects the muscles by reducing fatigue.
          In Europe, Mate is used for weight loss, "as the ideal slimming remedy which facilitates losing weight in a natural way and still the distressing feelings of hunger and thirst."  Dr. James Balch, MD recommends Yerba Maté for arthritis, headache, hemorrhoids, fluid retention, obesity, fatigue, stress, constipation, allergies and hay fevers stating that it "cleanses the blood, tones the nervous system, retards aging, stimulates the mind, controls the appetite, stimulates the production of cortisone, and is believed to enhance the healing powers of other herbs."
            Research on the active constituents of Yerba Maté were reported in the mid-1970s through mid-1980's   The primary active chemical constituency of yerba maté is made up of 0.3-2.0% caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, saponins, and 10% chlorogenic acid.   Sterols resembling ergosterol and cholesterol are also present in yerba maté.  In addition, Yerba Mate is a rich source of minerals and 15 amino acids are present in the leaves.  In a study by Swantson-Flatt with the closely related Ilex species guayusa, the maté extract "retarded the development of hyperglycaemia" in streptozotocin diabetic mice and "reduced the hyperphagia, polydipsia, body weight loss, and glycated haemoglobin."  This study suggests the presence of potentially useful antidiabetic agents in Mate. The antioxidant properties demonstrated clinically by Yerba Maté were reported in two clinical studies demonstrating its high antioxidant values linked to rapid absorption of known antioxidant phytochemicals found in Mate leaves.  Of most recent clinical interest is a group of known and novel saponins that researchers have isolated in Mate leaves. Saponins are a group of phytochemicals with known pharmacological activities, including, as the latest research shows, stimulating the immune system.  

Yerbe Santa (Eriodictyon californicum)  Excellent decongestants, used for any lung or sinus condition that is juicy, hypersecretory and gaggy.  It decreases the secretions and lessens the underlying inflammation.  With its decongestant effects and its high level of flavonoids, Yerba Santa is very useful for chronic gastritis and chronic urethral irritation (use a cold tea--take ½ cup up to 5 times a day).  The flavonoids help to strengthen the fragile, irritated membrane capillaries that are distended and leaky from the chronic irritation that underlies the problem. Yerba Santa coats the mucous membranes and holds the aqueous component in contact with the cells. It provides a unique method to reintroduce the mucoprotective effects of sustained moisturization.  It dilates the bronchial tubes which makes it excellent for asthma and hay fever.  For mild bronchial spasms, smoking the leaves along with the tea can improve the effects. Often combined with Yerba del Buey.  E. californica is more soluble in alcohol while the other varieties do better in water.  Dosage: Dry herb tincture: 20-30 drops up to 5 times a day.   Other uses include: catarrh of the bladder, hemorrhoids, and as a poultice for bruises, sprains,   wounds, and insect bites.  

Yerba Santa, Narrow Leaf (Eriodictyon angustifolium)  An important lung and bronchial medicine, most useful when phlegm is loose, milky, and profuse and the lungs, throat, and  sinuses feel weak and boggy.  Often combined with Yerba de buey.  It also is effective for head colds and sinus infections. The cold tea is used as a disinfecting diuretic for bladder and urethra pain.  New research is showing that it also has some anti-microbial properties.
          Yerba Santa's medicinal properties are strongest right after blooming, either in late spring or after a drought-breaking rain has brought out new foliage. Use the leaves either fresh or dried. Gather by breaking off branches full of leaves. Spread out the branches or hang them individually to dry. If you leave the branches clumped together in a bag or box, the resin on the tops of the leaves will glue the leaves together so you will end up with a black, sticky, unusable mass. Once dried, the resin is no longer a problem. When using fresh leaves for tea or tincture, cut them into small pieces with scissors or a knife, then use alcohol to clean the resin build up from the utensil. If dried leaves are being used, simply crumble them into small pieces. For smoking, it is best to use the mature leaves that are starting to dry and turn yellow around the edges and are almost ready to fall off, found near the base of large stems and the main trunk of the bush.  
             Yerba Santa is a great upper respiratory herb. It has a resinous coating and is aromatic. Use as a tea or tincture for coughs, lung and sinus congestion and infused in oil for muscle and chest rubs. In order to infuse Yerba Santa into oil you must first sprinkle it with alcohol to dissolve the resins. Drink the tea hot to induce sweating to break a fever. Inhale the steam from the hot tea to clear sinus and chest congestion. It thins mucous and is useful as an expectorant, decongestant and bronchial dilator for chest colds, bronchitis, asthma, sinus infections and hay fever. The resin complex and phenols in Yerba Santa make it useful for mild bladder and urethra infections. Since these properties are only partially water soluble, an alcohol tincture is preferable, twenty to thirty drops in water several times per day. Yerba Santa has no specific toxicities in moderate doses and up to an ounce of the leaves can be used to make a tea or infusion to drink in one day. It is safe for children, using one half of the normal adult dose. The leaves can also be used in a vaporizor to relief congestion. 
           Inhaling smoke from Yerba Santa leaves is useful to calm mild bronchial spasms. Burning a Yerba Santa smudge can be used to warm up trigger points, especially on the hands and feet. This will give relief from headache and muscle spasms. The fresh leaves make a pleasant and tasty chewing gum, bitter and balsamic at first, with a sweet aftertaste which freshens the mouth and breath. In Baja, for skin eruptions, boil leaves with Atriplex and wash the sores. Or grind dry leaves and apply. For malaria, make a tea with Haplopappus and Larrea, and massage with the lotion. For stiff neck, tie the leaves around the throat. For sore throat, make a leaf tea. For aches, bruises, wounds, bruises, wounds, heat leaves, apply to affected area. For coughs, colds, boil leaves and drink.

Yew (Taxus baccata (syn T. baccata var. aurea, T. baccata var. fastigiata, T. baccata var. fastigiata-aurea, T. baccata var. washingtonii, T. canadensis var. washingtonii[, T. cuspidate, T. fastigiata)   The yew tree is a highly toxic plant that has occasionally been used medicinally, mainly in the treatment of chest complaints. Modern research has shown that the plants contain the substance 'taxol' in their shoots. Taxol has shown exciting potential as an anti-cancer drug, particularly in the treatment of ovarian cancers.  Taxol inhibits cell division and has been extensively researched for its potential as an anticancer drug.   Unfortunately, the concentrations of taxol in this species are too low to be of much value commercially, though it is being used for research purposes. It is most commonly found in the Pacific yew.  This remedy should be used with great caution and only under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. See also the notes above on toxicity.  The leaves have been used internally in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, hiccough, indigestion, rheumatism and epilepsy. Externally, the leaves have been used in a steam bath as a treatment for rheumatism. Homeopathy: A homeopathic remedy is made from the young shoots and the berries. It is used in the treatment of many diseases including cystitis, eruptions, headaches, heart and kidney problems, rheumatism etc. 

Yew, Pacific (Taxus brevifolia) The Pacific yew is a highly toxic plant but it was employed medicinally by several native North American Indian tribes who used it to treat a variety of complaints. Pacific yew contains taxol, which, since clinical trials in the US, has been hailed as one of the most promising drugs for treating ovarian and other cancers. However, an enormous number of trees are needed to supply the bark for the drug; in order to provide sufficient taxol to treat a cancer patient, the bark of six trees is required.  In the US this exploitation led to the Pacific Yew Act (1992), which provides for the management of the tree on federal lands, covering both its harvesting an conservation.  This remedy is very toxic and, even when used externally, should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. . A decoction of the branches and leaves has been used in the treatment of lung problems. An infusion of the crushed leaves has been used externally as a wash to cause perspiration and effect a general improvement in the health. A poultice of the crushed leaves has been applied to wounds.  A decoction of small woody pieces has been used in the treatment of internal complaints including stomach pains and blood in the urine.

Yin Chen Hao (Artemisia capillaries )  Yin chen hao is an effective remedy for liver problems, being specifically helpful for treating hepatitis with jaundice.  Traditional Chinese medicine holds that it is bitter and cooling, clearing “damp heat” from the liver and gall ducts and relieving fevers.  Yin chen hao is also anti-inflammatory and diuretic.  It was formerly used in a plaster for headaches.  Research indicates that yin chen hao has a tonic and strengthening effect on the liver and gallbladder and digestive system.  It is an effective remedy for liver problems, being specifically helpful in treating hepatitis with jaundice.    An infusion of the young shoots is used internally in the treatment of jaundice, hepatitis, gall bladder complaints and feverish illnesses. Externally it has been applied in the form of a plaster for treating headaches. 

Yohimbe (Pausinystalia yohimbe (Coryanthe yohimbe)): Yohimbine is an agrenergic blocker and has a long-standing reputation as a sexual stimulant.  A recent study in rats has shown this to be justifiable despite earlier clinical studies which gave equivocal results;  the dose of yohimbine is very important as too high a dose leads to general depression.  Recommended dose is 1-2 capsules per day (early, with food).  It is a broader glandular tonic that works on several glands: adrenals, gonads, thyroid, and pituitary.  It’s a good short-term energy booster.  It’s also the only herb or natural substance scientifically verified to be an aphrodisiac by orthodox medical studies.  
            The African herb yohimbe has been proven to improve a man’s staying power.  It improves the operation of the nerves that promote desire while dampening those that stimulate ejaculation.  Men with sexual dysfunction problems notice the benefits the most.  It both causes the dilation of peripheral and mucous membrane blood vessels along with central nervous system stimulation.   The action takes about 30 minute to take effect and then continues for a couple of hours.  Yohimbe contains the compound yohimbine, a major ingredient in several prescription drugs for impotence.  The concentrate yohimbine occasionally increases heartbeat, raises blood pressure or increases irritability, depression, nervousness or dizziness.  If you have high blood pressure or diabetes, use only under the care of a professional. It should not be used by people with kidney disease. Also, don’t take it with diet aids, commercial nasal decongestants that contain ephedrine, or with cheese, red wine or liver since combining these sometimes cases wide effects, such as headaches.  There is a prescription medication based on yohimbine.
              The only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medicine for impotence is yohimbine - an alkaloid isolated from the bark of the yohimbe tree (Pausinystalia yohimbe) native to tropical West Africa. Yohimbine hydrochloride increases libido, but its primary action is to increase blood flow to erectile tissue. Contrary to a popular misconception, yohimbine has no effects on testosterone levels.  When used alone, yohimbine is successful in 34-43 percent of cases.   

Yohimbe, False (Corynanthe pachyceras) The bark is used internally used as a tea for feverish states and the common cold, and as an adjuvant for minor hypertension.  It is claimed to be aphrodisiac and recommended for erectile dysfunction.  In the Central African Republic, a macerate of the branch bark is drunk in palm wine as an aphrodisiac and as an agent for staying awake

Yomogi (Artemisia princeps) Leaves are used to treat eczema, itchy skin and excessive womb bleeding in China.  The fuzz on the underside of the leaves is gathered and used in moxibustion in Japan. Its juice is effective at stopping bleeding, lowering fevers and purging the stomach of impurities. It can also be boiled and taken to relieve colds and coughs.  The technique of treatment for cold (diaphoretic treatment) was called Yay (oneself)-su (pan)-maw (steam)-kare (to cause to do). The decocted mugwort was boiled in a large pan. The patient sitting near the hearth holds the pan. Patient’s head needs to be covered with a hood-like cloth (a blanket would be good), covering his/her face and the pan. Then the steam/vapor causes the patient to perspire. Sometimes the patient drinks the decoction to accelerate the process. The process lasts for 5 to 8 minutes depending upon the steam flow and condition of the patient. The patient perspires profusely.  Ainu people used to treat venereal disease such as syphilis and gonorrhea with mugwort plants. Washing genitals with leaves and stems of mugwort or/and drinking the decoction were found to be effective for controlling such venereal diseases.   Some eye diseases were treated with leaves of mugwort plant. Broiled leaves of the plant used to be attached to the eyelid of the affected eyes.   Yomogi is highly recommended in all inflammatory conditions, especially asthma, hay fever and atopic dermatitis. In these cases, it should be used internally and put into the bath. It is safe to be used long term and should be used first to get the condition under control and then at any sign of a return of the condition.  A recently rediscovered use of Yomogi is in the prevention and treatment of malaria. Travelers venturing to countries with malaria are now again at risk, as the traditional treatments are no longer working as effectively. Recent research and history reveals Yomogi is an excellent preventative which modern travelers should think about adding to their travel bag before heading to countries troubled with malaria. It can be used to stimulate the body whenever infection is a problem.